| |
EI2GYB > ASTRO 07.10.25 13:01l 103 Lines 5842 Bytes #58 (0) @ WW
BID : 46295_EI2GYB
Subj: How black holes produce powerful relativistic jets
Path: DB0FFL<OE2XZR<OE6XPE<UA6ADV<I0OJJ<IR0AAB<VE3CGR<K5DAT<PI8LAP<GB7BED<
DM4RW<EI2GYB
Sent: 251007/1037Z @:EI2GYB.DGL.IRL.EURO #:46295 LinBPQ6.0.25
#####
_ _ _ _ #### _\_
/ \ ___| |_ _ __ ___ | \ | | _____ _____ ##=-[.].]
/ _ \ / __| __| '__/ _ \ | \| |/ _ \ \ /\ / / __| #( _\
/ ___ \\__ \ |_| | | (_) | | |\ | __/\ V V /\__ \ # \__|
/_/ \_\___/\__|_| \___/ |_| \_|\___| \_/\_/ |___/ \___/
.' `.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
How black holes produce powerful relativistic jets
A hundred years before the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration released the
first image of a black hole in 2019-located at the heart of the galaxy
M87-astronomer Heber Curtis had already discovered a strange jet protruding
from the galaxy's center. Today, we know this to be the jet of the black hole
M87*. Such jets are also emitted by other black holes. Theoretical
astrophysicists at Goethe University have now developed a numerical code to
describe with high mathematical precision how black holes transform their
rotational energy into such ultra-fast jets.
The findings are published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
For nearly two centuries, it was unclear that the bright spot in the
constellation Virgo, which Charles Messier had described in 1781 as "87: Nebula
without stars," was in fact a very large galaxy. As a result, there was
initially no explanation for the strange jet discovered in 1918 emerging from
the center of this "nebula."
At the heart of the giant galaxy M87 lies the black hole M87*, which contains a
staggering six and a half billion solar masses and spins rapidly on its axis.
Using the energy from this rotation, M87* powers a particle jet expelled at
nearly the speed of light, stretching across an immense 5,000 light-years. Such
jets are also generated by other rotating black holes. They contribute to
disperse energy and matter throughout the universe and can influence the
evolution of entire galaxies.
A team of astrophysicists at Goethe University Frankfurt, led by Prof. Luciano
Rezzolla, has developed a numerical code, named the Frankfurt particle-in-cell
code for black hole spacetimes (FPIC), which describes with high precision the
processes that convert rotational energy into a particle jet.
The result: In addition to the Blandford-Znajek mechanism-which has so far been
considered responsible for the extraction of rotational energy from the black
hole via strong magnetic fields-the scientists have revealed that another
process is involved in the energy extraction, namely, magnetic reconnection. In
this process, magnetic field lines break and reassemble, leading to magnetic
energy being converted into heat, radiation, and eruptions of plasma.
The FPIC code simulated the evolution of a vast number of charged particles and
extreme electromagnetic fields under the influence of the black hole's strong
gravity. Dr. Claudio Meringolo, the main developer of the code, explains:
"Simulating such processes is crucial for understanding the complex dynamics of
relativistic plasmas in curved spacetimes near compact objects, which are
governed by the interplay of extreme gravitational and magnetic fields."
The investigations required highly demanding supercomputer simulations that
consumed millions of CPU hours on Frankfurt's "Goethe" supercomputer and
Stuttgart's "Hawk." This large computing power was essential to solve Maxwell's
equations and the equations of motion for electrons and positrons according to
Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.
In the equatorial plane of the black hole, the researchers' calculations
revealed intense reconnection activity, leading to the formation of a chain of
plasmoids-a condensation of plasma in energetic "bubbles"-moving at nearly the
speed of light. According to the scientists, this process is accompanied by the
generation of particles with negative energy that is used to power extreme
astrophysical phenomena like jets and plasma eruptions.
"Our results open up the fascinating possibility that the Blandford-Znajek
mechanism is not the only astrophysical process capable of extracting
rotational energy from a black hole," says Dr. Filippo Camilloni, who also
worked on the FPIC project, "but that magnetic reconnection also contributes."
"With our work, we can demonstrate how energy is efficiently extracted from
rotating black holes and channeled into jets," says Rezzolla. "This allows us
to help explain the extreme luminosities of active galactic nuclei as well as
the acceleration of particles to nearly the speed of light."
He adds that it is incredibly exciting and fascinating to better understand
what happens near a black hole using sophisticated numerical codes. "At the
same time, it is even more rewarding to be able to explain the results of these
complex simulations with a rigorous mathematical treatment-as we have done in
our work."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
================================================================================
= ____ __ ____ ___ _ _ ____ ____ ____ ____ =
= ( __)( )(___ \ / __)( \/ )( _ \ ( _ \( _ \/ ___) =
= ) _) )( / __/( (_ \ ) / ) _ ( ) _ ( ) _ (\___ \ =
= (____)(__)(____) \___/(__/ (____/ (____/(____/(____/ =
= PART OF THE DONEGAL PACKET RADIO NETWORK =
= Packet: EI2GYB@EI2GYB.DGL.IRL.EURO =
= Email/PayPal: EI2GYB@GMAIL.COM =
================================================================================
Lese vorherige Mail | Lese naechste Mail
| |
